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Globalization, digitalization, global pandemics, climate change, and infodemic pose increasing challenges to individuals, communities, and societies, which require good health literacy to maintain and promote health. Empirical evidence on HL (health literacy) has rapidly increased worldwide and exposed the inadequate levels of HL in most countries. Especially people with low socioeconomic background, low educational attainment, and migrants are considered vulnerable to low HL, based on quantitative studies and conclusions. A group that is multiply affected and variously described as vulnerable is people of Afghan descent. However, empirical evidence on their actual HL and their HL practices in everyday life is scarce. To empower people to respond adequately to current and future health-related changes, a good knowledge of HL in the relevant population group is indispensable. Since recent qualitative studies indicate that health literacy can only be adequately described as a real practice in its specific context and unique situation, I explore in this dissertation how HL can be captured and described as a contextual, situational social practice, using the example of people of Afghan descent with different research methods. This work incorporates three major research projects, each employing different methods to explore HL among Afghans and provide relevant insights into the concept of HL.
Research on health and health literacy is diverse, so it is important to begin this work by outlining the different understandings of health and health literacy and common strategies for promoting them. Since health is understood from a health promotion perspective as a positive, comprehensive concept in a socio-ecological context, HL is consequently not understood as an individual autonomous skill but as a contextual, social practice. Accordingly, health and HL are also described in context by the groups under consideration, and their possible influence on HL is shown. The use of the term vulnerable is critically examined, and the focus is shifted away from the characteristics of the individual to the influencing circumstances. Based on raw determinants and health outcomes, HL in Afghanistan is rated as low. Given the diverse data on immigrant populations and the different theories explaining their health status, it is shown that immigrant populations face many pressures and need to acquire new HL. Third, building on the course offering: language course, it is argued that those participating in it (including Afghans) need to improve their HL. Building on account of the health literacy of so-called vulnerable groups, which traced the complexity and heterogeneity, it is concluded that HL needs to be understood and explored as a contextual, situational, social practice to adequately describe HL. Therefore, in the three research projects, special emphasis is placed on the respective overall social context, the situation's specifics, the use of language, the actual actions, and the meaning of social others. Furthermore, it is examined what can be learned from the respective methodological approach to HL with regard to HL as a contextual, situational social praxis, as well as how the vulnerability or resource wealth of the target group and the vulnerability- or capability-producing context are revealed. Last, important lessons for HL promotion were derived from all three projects.
The first four contributions are from a quantitative, cross-sectional study in central Afghanistan that examines HL, determinants, outcomes, but also quality of life, and beliefs in two groups of people influential to health, heads of households (N= 524) and female patients and/or caretakers (N=322). Participants were in a two-stage randomization process identified and orally interviewed by trained interviewers of the same sex. The study provides empirical evidence of poor determinants of health and health outcomes, health behaviors that need improvement, and low health literacy. The analysis showed that HL is largely related to schooling opportunities (for women). Surprisingly, despite adverse circumstances, an astonishing number of Afghans exhibit positive health behaviors. A qualitative examination of the items of the HLS-EU-Q16 shows which activities are particularly difficult and, at the same time, particularly prerequisite-rich, which should also be better researched in the future for developing interventions.
The second three contributions stem from the ELMi research project, which ethnographically researched the HL of immigrant youth (including three Afghan refugees) in everyday life and embedded the findings in a review and theoretical considerations. The limitations of reviews for describing HL in vulnerable groups became obvious in these three theoretical contributions. Furthermore, the frequent, mostly implicit theoretical orientation of HL as an individual rational-choice model and three alternative models for the description of HL were presented, a difference-deficit model was introduced, and a plea for applying sociological theories, especially the capability approach, was given. Overall, the ethnographic studies revealed the need for further studies of vulnerable groups from a salutogenic perspective, the conceptualization of HL as family HL, and the interwovenness of analog and digital worlds and respective HL.
The third three contributions are from the SCURA research project, which ethnographically explored the role of health and health literacy in language and integration courses and developed appropriate methods for promoting HL in them. The contribution of integration courses to the promotion of HL was presented in detail, the corridor of possible interventions was explored and described, and concrete suggestions were made as to how the knowledge gained from language didactics can be transferred to health promotion and how language-sensitive health promotion can be used as an effective and sustainable method.
Finally, the key strengths and limitations of the studies were highlighted, and the question of 'vulnerability' was revisited in light of the results found. Furthermore, the five aspects of HL as a contextual, situational, and social practice were re-examined with the help of the results obtained, and other studies, recommendations for the promotion of HL through context, acquisition, and targeted support were presented, and the capability approach was applied to the results.
In many ways, this multi-project, multi-method, multi-perspective approach to HL of so-called vulnerable groups highlighted the need to describe HL as a contextual, situational social practice. Since many new, little-trodden paths were taken in this work, this work can serve as an impetus for many other researchers to critically examine the topic. The work unmistakably revealed how relevant a good understanding and targeted, context-sensitive promotion of HL is.
Globalization, digitalization, global pandemics, climate change, and infodemic pose increasing challenges to individuals, communities, and societies, which require good health literacy to maintain and promote health. Empirical evidence on HL (health literacy) has rapidly increased worldwide and exposed the inadequate levels of HL in most countries. Especially people with low socioeconomic background, low educational attainment, and migrants are considered vulnerable to low HL, based on quantitative studies and conclusions. A group that is multiply affected and variously described as vulnerable is people of Afghan descent. However, empirical evidence on their actual HL and their HL practices in everyday life is scarce. To empower people to respond adequately to current and future health-related changes, a good knowledge of HL in the relevant population group is indispensable. Since recent qualitative studies indicate that health literacy can only be adequately described as a real practice in its specific context and unique situation, I explore in this dissertation how HL can be captured and described as a contextual, situational social practice, using the example of people of Afghan descent with different research methods. This work incorporates three major research projects, each employing different methods to explore HL among Afghans and provide relevant insights into the concept of HL.
Research on health and health literacy is diverse, so it is important to begin this work by outlining the different understandings of health and health literacy and common strategies for promoting them. Since health is understood from a health promotion perspective as a positive, comprehensive concept in a socio-ecological context, HL is consequently not understood as an individual autonomous skill but as a contextual, social practice. Accordingly, health and HL are also described in context by the groups under consideration, and their possible influence on HL is shown. The use of the term vulnerable is critically examined, and the focus is shifted away from the characteristics of the individual to the influencing circumstances. Based on raw determinants and health outcomes, HL in Afghanistan is rated as low. Given the diverse data on immigrant populations and the different theories explaining their health status, it is shown that immigrant populations face many pressures and need to acquire new HL. Third, building on the course offering: language course, it is argued that those participating in it (including Afghans) need to improve their HL. Building on account of the health literacy of so-called vulnerable groups, which traced the complexity and heterogeneity, it is concluded that HL needs to be understood and explored as a contextual, situational, social practice to adequately describe HL. Therefore, in the three research projects, special emphasis is placed on the respective overall social context, the situation's specifics, the use of language, the actual actions, and the meaning of social others. Furthermore, it is examined what can be learned from the respective methodological approach to HL with regard to HL as a contextual, situational social praxis, as well as how the vulnerability or resource wealth of the target group and the vulnerability- or capability-producing context are revealed. Last, important lessons for HL promotion were derived from all three projects.
The first four contributions are from a quantitative, cross-sectional study in central Afghanistan that examines HL, determinants, outcomes, but also quality of life, and beliefs in two groups of people influential to health, heads of households (N= 524) and female patients and/or caretakers (N=322). Participants were in a two-stage randomization process identified and orally interviewed by trained interviewers of the same sex. The study provides empirical evidence of poor determinants of health and health outcomes, health behaviors that need improvement, and low health literacy. The analysis showed that HL is largely related to schooling opportunities (for women). Surprisingly, despite adverse circumstances, an astonishing number of Afghans exhibit positive health behaviors. A qualitative examination of the items of the HLS-EU-Q16 shows which activities are particularly difficult and, at the same time, particularly prerequisite-rich, which should also be better researched in the future for developing interventions.
The second three contributions stem from the ELMi research project, which ethnographically researched the HL of immigrant youth (including three Afghan refugees) in everyday life and embedded the findings in a review and theoretical considerations. The limitations of reviews for describing HL in vulnerable groups became obvious in these three theoretical contributions. Furthermore, the frequent, mostly implicit theoretical orientation of HL as an individual rational-choice model and three alternative models for the description of HL were presented, a difference-deficit model was introduced, and a plea for applying sociological theories, especially the capability approach, was given. Overall, the ethnographic studies revealed the need for further studies of vulnerable groups from a salutogenic perspective, the conceptualization of HL as family HL, and the interwovenness of analog and digital worlds and respective HL.
The third three contributions are from the SCURA research project, which ethnographically explored the role of health and health literacy in language and integration courses and developed appropriate methods for promoting HL in them. The contribution of integration courses to the promotion of HL was presented in detail, the corridor of possible interventions was explored and described, and concrete suggestions were made as to how the knowledge gained from language didactics can be transferred to health promotion and how language-sensitive health promotion can be used as an effective and sustainable method.
Finally, the key strengths and limitations of the studies were highlighted, and the question of 'vulnerability' was revisited in light of the results found. Furthermore, the five aspects of HL as a contextual, situational, and social practice were re-examined with the help of the results obtained, and other studies, recommendations for the promotion of HL through context, acquisition, and targeted support were presented, and the capability approach was applied to the results.
In many ways, this multi-project, multi-method, multi-perspective approach to HL of so-called vulnerable groups highlighted the need to describe HL as a contextual, situational social practice. Since many new, little-trodden paths were taken in this work, this work can serve as an impetus for many other researchers to critically examine the topic. The work unmistakably revealed how relevant a good understanding and targeted, context-sensitive promotion of HL is.
In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden die Ungleichheitsparameter der Bildungsabschlüsse und beruflichen Positionen anhand der österreichischen Volkszählungsdaten 2001 inter- und intragenerational sowie inter- und intragruppal analysiert. Im Zentrum stehen die beiden Anwerbegruppen aus dem ehemaligen Jugoslawien und der Türkei. Um das Ausmaß der Ungleichheit bewerten und die Komplexität abbilden zu können, wird das MDR-Profil dieser Herkunftsgruppen als neues Instrument entwickelt. Es setzt sich aus der intergenerationalen Mobilitätsrate, der Dissimilaritätsquote zwischen den Gleichaltrigen und dem Rechtsungleichheitswert zwischen den eingebürgerten und nicht eingebürgerten Gleichaltrigen innerhalb jeder Herkunftsgruppe zusammen. Auf Basis einer kritischen Betrachtung unterschiedlicher früherer Forschungsergebnisse zur intergenerationalen Mobilität der ex-jugoslawischen und türkischen Herkunftsgruppen wird der Kriterienkatalog migrationsspezifischer Datenanalyse QS MIGDA entwickelt. Er setzt sich aus den fünf Komponenten Herkunftskontext, Rechtsstatus, Generationenabgrenzung/Geburtsland, Altersgruppenabgrenzung und Prüfung der adäquaten Größe der Zielpopulation in der Stichprobe zusammen. Das Ergebnis ordnet sich in den Erklärungsansatz der aus den USA stammenden Segmentierten Assimilation ein. Zur Anwendung des MDR-Profils als Instrument der komparativen Ungleichheitsanalyse von europäischen Einwanderungsländern wurde der Erklärungsansatz der Segmentierten Assimilation um die Dimension der gesellschaftlichen Makrofaktoren (nationales Selbstverständnis, Rechtssystems, Wohlfahrtsstaatstyp, Wirtschaftsstruktur und Bildungssystem) erweitert und mit dem Begriff der Segmentierten Partizipation neu gefasst.
Nationale und internationale Schulleistungsvergleichsstudien weisen immer wieder auf den signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Herkunft und Bildungserfolg in Deutschland hin. Dabei richtet sich die Aufmerksamkeit zunehmend auch auf Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund, die besonders in höheren Schulformen, in Hochschulen und unter den bereits ausgebildeten AkademikerInnen, unterrepräsentiert sind. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit, die sich den ressourcenorientierten Ansätzen zurechnet, ist jedoch weniger auf soziale Disparitäten ausgerichtet, sondern darauf, zu erfahren, unter welchen Bedingungen Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland dennoch Bildungserfolge vorweisen können. Den theoretischen Hintergrund dafür stellen sozialwissenschaftliche Konzepte zu möglichen Ressourcen, wobei die Kapitalarten im Sinne Bourdieus, Bildungsaspirationen und Erkenntnisse aus der Resilienzforschung Berücksichtigung finden. Für die empirische Erkenntnisgewinnung werden die Daten aus den Interviews mit mehreren bildungserfolgreichen Migrantinnen und Migranten unterschiedlicher Herkunft und unterschiedlichen Alters herangezogen, die in Deutschland das Schulsystemm durchlaufen haben und die sich entweder noch im Studium befinden oder bereits über einen abgeschlossenen Hochschulabschluss verfügen. Die gewonnenen Daten werden in unterschiedlicher Intensität nach der Methode der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse in einer komparativen Analyse zusammengetragen. Es gilt dabei insbesondere zu erforschen, welchen Faktoren die Befragten in ihrer subjektiven Deutung einen besonderen Einfluss an ihrem Bildungserfolg zuschreiben und in welcher Weise sie trotz bestehender Hindernisse an eine Hochschule gelangt sind. Dabei wird ersichtlich, dass die meisten der befragten Personen keine glatte Bildungsbiografie vorweisen, oftmals auch infolge institutioneller Diskriminierungen. In der retrospektiven Betrachtung der InterviewpartnerInnen haben sowohl internale als auch externale Resilienzfaktoren eine große Bedeutung für deren Bildungserfolge.
Integrationskurse -Ein Beitrag zur Partizipation von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Deutschland?
(2009)
Einige Jahre nach Inkrafttreten des Zuwanderungsgesetzes (2005) und der damit verbundenen Einführung der bundesweit einheitlichen Integrationskurse, stellt die Politik die Teilhabechancen der Migranten im Allgemeinen, aber vor allem deren Verbesserung in den Fokus der Integrationsdebatte. Eine gelungene Integration kann nur durch ein aufeinander Zugehen der verschiedenen Gesellschaftsgruppen und einer damit verbundenen gleichberechtigten Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen Leben ermöglicht werden.<br /> Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, ob durch Integrationskurse die Partizipationsmöglichkeiten von Migrantinnen und Migranten gefördert werden können. <br /> In einem ersten Teil wird eine Analyse der Geschichte der Migration nach Deutschland durchgeführt, sowie die Begriffsklärung der Wörter Migrant, Integration und Partizipation vorgenommen. Darüber hinaus wird eine Darstellung des Ist-Zustands der Integrationsbemühungen in Deutschland gegeben. Außerdem werden die rechtlichen Bedingungen für Zuwanderung, die im Zuwanderungsgesetz geregelt sind, vorgestellt.<br /> Es wird ein detaillierter Einblick in die Struktur, den Inhalt und den Ablauf von Integrationskursen gegeben und die Voraussetzungen für eine Teilnahme erläutert. Weiterhin werden die unterschiedlichen Kursarten benannt, die in Abhängigkeit zu den jeweiligen Teilnehmergruppen entstehen.<br /> Der zweite Teil der Arbeit nähert sich empirisch der Klärung der Forschungsfrage an.<br /> Die erhobenen Daten der problemzentrierten Interviews, des Experteninterviews und die Beobachtungen, die mit Hilfe des Ethnographischen Ansatzes dokumentiert wurden, entstanden im Kontext eines Elternintegrationskurses und wurden mittels einer Triangulation zusammengefügt und ausgewertet.