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Assessing students’ learning processes and products is considered a core requirement of effective teaching. As such, it is an object of research in several disciplines and research areas. To structure the various corresponding research perspectives and provide a broader, yet still systematic view of the field, we propose an overarching framework that allows for systematizing foci of interest, goals, methodologies, and theoretical premises as four integral aspects of conducting research in this area. We demonstrate the benefits of the overarching framework by using it as a tool to analyze and systematize previous research from four different research perspectives. Based on this framework, we discuss the strengths and limitations of existing studies and, in particular, highlight theoretical premises that are rarely explicitly addressed but become more obvious by using the overarching framework. In addition, we provide directions for future research by drawing connections within and between research perspectives. Our analyses illustrate how the overarching framework can provide a foundation for research synthesis and inform future studies.
Lehrkräfte werden in ihrer beruflichen Tätigkeit vor vielfältige Herausforderungen gestellt und müssen dabei in zentralen Handlungsfeldern wie Unterrichten, Erziehen, Beurteilen, Beraten und Innovieren (vgl. KMK 2019) professionell urteilen, entscheiden und handeln. Entsprechend breit müssen professionelle Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften angelegt sein. Diagnostizieren als zentraler Prozess und Kompetenzbereich von Lehrkräften ist dabei nicht nur für das Beurteilen, sondern auch für das Unterrichten, Erziehen und Beraten zentrale Voraussetzung, und daher in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend in den Fokus der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung geraten (vgl. bspw. Klug et al. 2012; Reuker und Künzell 2021; Schrader und Praetorius 2018). Dabei versteht man Diagnostizieren im Allgemeinen als ein Sammeln, Integrieren und Verarbeiten von Informationen mit dem Ziel, bildungsbezogene Entscheidungen zu treffen (Ingenkamp und Lissmann 2008; siehe auch Heitzmann et al. 2019; Herppich et al. 2018; Leuders et al. 2017; Loibl et al. 2020). Entsprechende Prozesse können je nach Perspektive von spontanen, individuellen Fragen an Lernende im Unterricht über die summative Erfassung des Lernstands ganzer Gruppen bis hin zur Schwierigkeitsabschätzung einzelner Aufgaben reichen (vgl. Herppich et al. 2018; Shavelson et al. 2008).
Professional knowledge is highlighted as an important prerequisite of both medical doctors and teachers. Based on recent conceptions of professional knowledge in these fields, knowledge can be differentiated within several aspects. However, these knowledge aspects are currently conceptualized differently across different domains and projects. Thus, this paper describes recent frameworks for professional knowledge in medical and educational sciences, which are then integrated into an interdisciplinary two-dimensional model of professional knowledge that can help to align terminology in both domains and compare research results. The models’ two dimensions differentiate between cognitive types of knowledge and content-related knowledge facets and introduces a terminology for all emerging knowledge aspects. The models’ applicability for medical and educational sciences is demonstrated in the context of diagnosis by describing prototypical diagnostic settings for medical doctors as well as for teachers, which illustrate how the framework can be applied and operationalized in these areas. Subsequently, the role of the different knowledge aspects for acting and the possibility of transfer between different content areas are discussed. In conclusion, a possible extension of the model along a “third dimension” that focuses on the effects of growing expertise on professional knowledge over time is proposed and issues for further research are outlined.