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Arbeitsbedingte Belastungen und Beanspruchungen bei Beschäftigten in haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen
(2024)
Die Beschäftigung in haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen und damit einhergehende Belastungen, Ressourcen und Beanspruchungen sind ein wissenschaftlich kaum untersuchtes Feld. Über die Beschäftigtengruppe, ihre soziodemografischen Merkmale und ihre Motivation ist wenig bekannt, ebenso wenig darüber, unter welchen Bedingungen Haushaltshilfen in Privathaushalten arbeiten. Im Rahmen eines empirischen Vorgehens wurden die genannten Desiderate im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersucht. Im ersten Schritt wurden Interviews mit rechtskonform und nicht rechtskonform Beschäftigten in haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen (n=17) geführt und mithilfe der Framework Analyse ausgewertet. Im zweiten Schritt wurde eine quantitative Onlinebefragung unter rechtskonform Beschäftigten durchgeführt (n=229), welche deskriptiv und inferenzstatistisch ausgewertet wurde.
Die Erhebungen brachten übereinstimmend zum Vorschein, dass die Beschäftigten im Bereich haushaltsnaher Dienstleistungen durchschnittlich höheren Alters sind und in der Regel weiblich, ihre Lebenslagen, Biographien und Bildungshintergründe sind dagegen heterogen und lassen nur schwerlich von der „typischen“ Haushaltshilfe sprechen. Ferner zeigte sich in den Leitfadeninterviews, dass finanzielle Aspekte, Flexibilität in der Arbeits(zeit)gestaltung und Sinnhaftigkeit bedeutsame Motivatoren für die Aufnahme einer solchen Tätigkeit sind. Als Belastungsfaktoren ließen sich vor allem Alleinarbeit, der Umgang mit fremdem Eigentum und die damit einhergehende Verantwortung, sowie fehlende Wertschätzung und Anerkennung der Arbeit von Haushaltshilfen identifizieren. Erkennbar wurde zudem das unbedingte Bestreben, das von den Auftraggeber*innen entgegengebrachte Vertrauen nicht zu enttäuschen.
Die Ergebnisse der quantitativen Datenerhebung konnten einige der in den Interviews identifizierten Faktoren bestätigen und lieferten weiterführend Erkenntnisse zu den Wirkungszusammenhängen von arbeitsbezogener Belastung und Erschöpfung einerseits, und Ressourcen und Engagement der Beschäftigten anderer-seits. Die Untersuchung, welche in ihrer theoretischen Konstruktion auf dem Job-Demands-Ressources Modell fußt, zeigte, dass nicht allein das Ausmaß an Belastung für das Ausmaß an Erschöpfung verantwortlich ist, sondern Ressourcen ebenfalls eine bedeutsame Rolle dabei einnehmen. Analog dazu war festzustellen, dass auch hinsichtlich der Prognose von arbeitsbezogenem Engagement nicht nur die Ressourcenausstattung, sondern auch das Ausmaß an Belastung von Bedeutung ist. Ferner zeigte sich übereinstimmend in beiden Erhebungen, dass die Beachtung formaler Rahmenbedingungen sowie die Sicherstellung der Anforderungen zugunsten von Sicherheit und Gesundheit bei der Arbeit von Auftraggeber*innen in höchst unterschiedlichem Maße praktiziert werden. Deutlich wurde, dass die konkrete Arbeitssituation von Haushaltshilfen in hohem Maße vom jeweiligen Auf-traggeber*innenhaushalt abhängt.
Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen lassen sich vielfältige Anforderungen an bzw. Herausforderungen für institutionelle und politische Akteure, aber auch Auftraggeber*innen von Haushaltshilfen ableiten. Als bedeutsamster Faktor erscheint dabei die generelle Aufwertung und Wertschätzung der Tätigkeit von Haushaltshilfen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Kennzeichen und Probleme der Lebensführung junger Geflüchteter auf Grundlage qualitativer Interviews mit jungen Geflüchteten, die von Sozialarbeitenden als problematische und/oder schwer erreichbare Fälle beobachtet werden, rekonstruiert. Hierfür wurden Konzepte und Dimensionen von Lebensführung aufbereitet, verschiedene Beobachtungsangebote auf Probleme der Lebensführung erarbeitet und Soziale Arbeit als eine auf Probleme der Lebensführung bezogene, wohlfahrtsstaatlich organisierte Hilfe bestimmt. Kennzeichen der Lebensführung junger Geflüchteter werden nicht nur aus dem empirischen Material heraus entwickelt, sondern auch umfassend entlang des deutschsprachigen Forschungsstandes herausgearbeitet. Die Arbeit bietet darüber hinaus eine vertiefende Analyse zu Bedingungen und Einflussfaktoren auf den Aufbau und die Gestaltung von Arbeitsbündnissen und eine abschließende Diskussion der Forschungsergebnisse im Kontext Sozialer Arbeit.
Ausgehend von dem Anspruch, professionelles Handeln im Kontext der Sozialen Arbeit mit wissenschaftlichem Wissen zu verknüpfen und der Annahme, dass dazu neben individuellen Aspekten auch strukturelle Rahmenbedingungen zu berücksichtigen sind, wird zunächst ein theoretisches Modell entwickelt, das solchermaßen verortete Prozesse der Erzeugung von Wissenschaftlichkeit erklärt. Der empirische Test in einer Praxisorganisation unter Verwendung des von Daniel Gredig und Peter Sommerfeld entwickelten Modells des Praxis-Optimierungs-Zyklus bestätigt einerseits wesentliche Grundannahmen des theoretischen Modells und zeigt exemplarisch, wie und unter welchen Voraussetzungen Wissenschaftlichkeit realisiert werden kann.
Sexuelle Gewalt unter Jugendlichen stellt in Deutschland ein relevantes Phänomen dar, von dem auch Jugendliche betroffen sind, die in Einrichtungen der stationären Jugendhilfe leben. Verschiedene Forschungsergebnisse verweisen darauf, dass sexuelle Gewalt und ihre Verhinderung eng mit der Geschlechtlichkeit der Akteure und ihren Vorstellungen von Sexualität verbunden sind. An diese Erkenntnisse knüpft die vorliegende Arbeit an und beschäftigt sich mit den Fragen, ob und wie Jungen aus der stationären Jugendhilfe über sexuelle Gewalt erzählen und welche Bedeutung Männlichkeiten dabei haben. Entsprechend werden subjektive Vorstellungen von Geschlecht, Sexualität und sexueller Gewalt in die Analyse miteinbezogen. Im Zuge eines qualitativ-rekonstruktiven Forschungsprozesses wurden bereits existierende Interviewdaten im Rahmen einer Sekundärnutzung in Anlehnung an das integrative Basisverfahren nach Kruse ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse der Fallanalysen auf der Grundlage von Rekonstruktionen und Kontrastierungen übergreifender zentraler Motive und Thematisierungsregeln zu vier analytischen Typen gebündelt, die unterschiedliche Erzählpositionen zu sexueller Gewalt darstellen. Hierbei beziehen sich die Auswertungen schwerpunktmäßig auf Erzählungen zurückliegender, sprachlich aufgearbeiteter sexueller Übergriffe, die als Erfahrungswissen zu sexueller Gewalt rekonstruiert wurden. Nach dem Typ »Der ehemals Übergriffe«, werden im Verlauf der Arbeit die Typen »Der intervenierende Bystander«, »Der nicht-intervenierende Bystander« und »Der Unerfahrene« kontrastiv ausgearbeitet. Aufbauend auf der Ergebnisdarstellung werden abschließend Folgerungen für eine mit Geschlechtervorstellungen arbeitende Soziale Arbeit im Kontext von Prävention sexueller Gewalt und sexueller Bildung sowie für weitere Forschung im Themenfeld abgeleitet
Das Handbuch in der deutschen Übersetzung bezieht sich auf das Projekt Fashion DIET (Sustainable Fashion Curriculum at Textile Universities in Europe – Development, Implementation and Evaluation of a Teaching Module for Educators), ein von der EU gefördertes Projekt im Rahmen der Key Action „Strategic Partnerships“ des Erasmus+ Programms. Von September 2020 bis August 2023 sind in dem internationalen Projekt unter der Federführung der Pädagogischen Hochschule Freiburg Lehr- und Lernarrangements entwickelt worden. Partnerhochschulen sind die Hochschule Reutlingen in Deutschland, die Technische Universität Gheorghe Asachi in Iaşi, Rumänien, und die Trakische Universität in Stara Zagora, Bulgarien. Aufgrund der verheerenden ökologischen und sozialen Auswirkungen der Textilindustrie und der in den letzten Jahrzehnten vom Konzept der Fast Fashion dominierten Modeindustrie ist es von großer Bedeutung, die Ziele der nachhaltigen Entwicklung (SDGs) der Vereinten Nationen in die gesamte textile Wertschöpfungskette zu integrieren, d. h. in die Phasen der Produktion, des Konsums und der Entsorgung, um sie nachhaltig und positiv für Menschen und Ökosysteme zu gestalten. Die anstehende Transformation der Textil- und Modeindustrie in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit erfordert daher eine kontinuierliche Umsetzung des Leitprinzips Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE) in der Aus- und Weiterbildung. Das Projekt Fashion DIET zielte darauf ab, den Prozess der Umsetzung von BNE in den nationalen Bildungssystemen zu fördern. Das Hauptziel war die Entwicklung eines BNE-Weiterbildungsmoduls im Kontext von Mode und Textilien für Hochschulen, da Lehrende und Lernende in Zukunft stärker international kooperieren müssen, um das Leitbild BNE dauerhaft auf internationaler Ebene zu etablieren. Darüber hinaus sind daraus abgeleitete Lehr- und Lernmaterialien für berufliche und weiterführende Schulen entwickelt und als Open Educational Resources (OER) über die Datenbank Glocal Campus zur Verfügung gestellt worden.
„Beratung und Schule“ ist eine Podcast-Reihe für angehende Lehrer*innen zu den Themen Beratung und Gesprächsführung mit Eltern und Schüler*innen. Hier bekommt Ihr einen Einblick in die Thematik und vertiefte Informationen zu einzelnen Themenbereichen.
Der Podcast entsteht 2023 im Rahmen eines Projektes zur Förderung von Beratungskompetenzen von Lehramtsstudierenden, finanziert durch QS-Mittel der Verfassten Studierendenschaft der PH Freiburg.
Redaktion: Lena Sachs
Episode 1: Erfahrungen aus Forschung und Praxis
Episode 2: Elternarbeit und Beratung in der Praxis – Gespräch mit einem Grundschulrektor
Episode 3: Lerngespräche mit Schüler*innen
Episode 4: Autismus im Schulkontext
Episode 5: Kinderschutz und Gespräche im Gefährdungskotext
Episode 6: Selbstverletzendes Verhalten im Schulkontext
Episode 7: Beratungslehrkräfte an Schulen
Episode 8: Schulpsychologische Beratungsstelle
Community-based health promotion approaches have proven to be very appealing and effective in rural and under-resourced countries such as Afghanistan. Surprisingly, however, empirical evidence and practical recommendations are lacking for Afghanistan, a country with some of the worst health indicators worldwide (e.g., maternal mortality rate). The purpose of this mixed-method exploratory case study was to identify community-based approaches to health promotion in Afghanistan and the factors that lead organizations and activities to succeed and sustain despite challenging circumstances. The author conducted extensive secondary research, a scoping review, 28 semi-structured oral qual- itative interviews with people working in health projects in Afghanistan, and obtained 22 written responses to a qualitative questionnaire sent to NGOs working in the health sector in Afghanistan as well. After transcribing and analyzing the content, she was able to exhaustively explore the topic by integrating and triangulating multiple perspectives.
First, she presented the findings regarding the prerequisites for and determinants of health in Afghanistan by contrasting qualitative and quantitative data. This comprehensive overview illustrated not only the poor conditions and numerous challenges but also the diversity within the country. Second, she described the findings on the Afghan health system, structured along the components of the WHO Health System Framework. This allows for comprehending the well-planned strategies and comparing them to the actual situation. Third, she identified most (NGO-supported) healthcare providers and conducted a gap analysis of existing activities in 13 areas of health. Fourth, the qualitative findings provided insights into the concept of health, common health practices, community-based healthcare approaches, and success factors for working in Afghanistan. Overall, there are various health activities and approaches to health promotion in Afghanistan. The most successful approaches were those that work in the community, with trained female health workers who are trustworthy, committed, and paid, and who provide curative as well as preventive and promotive services. For working successfully in the Afghan setting, trust, collaboration with leaders, community participation, and training are highly recommended. Nonetheless, all activities took place in a context characterized by insecurity, corruption, poverty, low level of education, and cultural constraints.
The author proposed the concept of “health care plus and beyond” as an approach applicable to all providers. This concept includes taking care of the immediate health need of the person and, at the same time, empowering them to improve their health. In conclusion, there is a great need for health promotion and health education in Afghanistan, which is worth exploring further. This study could not provide a complete picture, but it does pro- vide a very good first-hand understanding of the numerous influencing factors and facets of community-based health promotion, thus providing numerous starting points for further research and practice.
Globalization, digitalization, global pandemics, climate change, and infodemic pose increasing challenges to individuals, communities, and societies, which require good health literacy to maintain and promote health. Empirical evidence on HL (health literacy) has rapidly increased worldwide and exposed the inadequate levels of HL in most countries. Especially people with low socioeconomic background, low educational attainment, and migrants are considered vulnerable to low HL, based on quantitative studies and conclusions. A group that is multiply affected and variously described as vulnerable is people of Afghan descent. However, empirical evidence on their actual HL and their HL practices in everyday life is scarce. To empower people to respond adequately to current and future health-related changes, a good knowledge of HL in the relevant population group is indispensable. Since recent qualitative studies indicate that health literacy can only be adequately described as a real practice in its specific context and unique situation, I explore in this dissertation how HL can be captured and described as a contextual, situational social practice, using the example of people of Afghan descent with different research methods. This work incorporates three major research projects, each employing different methods to explore HL among Afghans and provide relevant insights into the concept of HL.
Research on health and health literacy is diverse, so it is important to begin this work by outlining the different understandings of health and health literacy and common strategies for promoting them. Since health is understood from a health promotion perspective as a positive, comprehensive concept in a socio-ecological context, HL is consequently not understood as an individual autonomous skill but as a contextual, social practice. Accordingly, health and HL are also described in context by the groups under consideration, and their possible influence on HL is shown. The use of the term vulnerable is critically examined, and the focus is shifted away from the characteristics of the individual to the influencing circumstances. Based on raw determinants and health outcomes, HL in Afghanistan is rated as low. Given the diverse data on immigrant populations and the different theories explaining their health status, it is shown that immigrant populations face many pressures and need to acquire new HL. Third, building on the course offering: language course, it is argued that those participating in it (including Afghans) need to improve their HL. Building on account of the health literacy of so-called vulnerable groups, which traced the complexity and heterogeneity, it is concluded that HL needs to be understood and explored as a contextual, situational, social practice to adequately describe HL. Therefore, in the three research projects, special emphasis is placed on the respective overall social context, the situation's specifics, the use of language, the actual actions, and the meaning of social others. Furthermore, it is examined what can be learned from the respective methodological approach to HL with regard to HL as a contextual, situational social praxis, as well as how the vulnerability or resource wealth of the target group and the vulnerability- or capability-producing context are revealed. Last, important lessons for HL promotion were derived from all three projects.
The first four contributions are from a quantitative, cross-sectional study in central Afghanistan that examines HL, determinants, outcomes, but also quality of life, and beliefs in two groups of people influential to health, heads of households (N= 524) and female patients and/or caretakers (N=322). Participants were in a two-stage randomization process identified and orally interviewed by trained interviewers of the same sex. The study provides empirical evidence of poor determinants of health and health outcomes, health behaviors that need improvement, and low health literacy. The analysis showed that HL is largely related to schooling opportunities (for women). Surprisingly, despite adverse circumstances, an astonishing number of Afghans exhibit positive health behaviors. A qualitative examination of the items of the HLS-EU-Q16 shows which activities are particularly difficult and, at the same time, particularly prerequisite-rich, which should also be better researched in the future for developing interventions.
The second three contributions stem from the ELMi research project, which ethnographically researched the HL of immigrant youth (including three Afghan refugees) in everyday life and embedded the findings in a review and theoretical considerations. The limitations of reviews for describing HL in vulnerable groups became obvious in these three theoretical contributions. Furthermore, the frequent, mostly implicit theoretical orientation of HL as an individual rational-choice model and three alternative models for the description of HL were presented, a difference-deficit model was introduced, and a plea for applying sociological theories, especially the capability approach, was given. Overall, the ethnographic studies revealed the need for further studies of vulnerable groups from a salutogenic perspective, the conceptualization of HL as family HL, and the interwovenness of analog and digital worlds and respective HL.
The third three contributions are from the SCURA research project, which ethnographically explored the role of health and health literacy in language and integration courses and developed appropriate methods for promoting HL in them. The contribution of integration courses to the promotion of HL was presented in detail, the corridor of possible interventions was explored and described, and concrete suggestions were made as to how the knowledge gained from language didactics can be transferred to health promotion and how language-sensitive health promotion can be used as an effective and sustainable method.
Finally, the key strengths and limitations of the studies were highlighted, and the question of 'vulnerability' was revisited in light of the results found. Furthermore, the five aspects of HL as a contextual, situational, and social practice were re-examined with the help of the results obtained, and other studies, recommendations for the promotion of HL through context, acquisition, and targeted support were presented, and the capability approach was applied to the results.
In many ways, this multi-project, multi-method, multi-perspective approach to HL of so-called vulnerable groups highlighted the need to describe HL as a contextual, situational social practice. Since many new, little-trodden paths were taken in this work, this work can serve as an impetus for many other researchers to critically examine the topic. The work unmistakably revealed how relevant a good understanding and targeted, context-sensitive promotion of HL is.
Globalization, digitalization, global pandemics, climate change, and infodemic pose increasing challenges to individuals, communities, and societies, which require good health literacy to maintain and promote health. Empirical evidence on HL (health literacy) has rapidly increased worldwide and exposed the inadequate levels of HL in most countries. Especially people with low socioeconomic background, low educational attainment, and migrants are considered vulnerable to low HL, based on quantitative studies and conclusions. A group that is multiply affected and variously described as vulnerable is people of Afghan descent. However, empirical evidence on their actual HL and their HL practices in everyday life is scarce. To empower people to respond adequately to current and future health-related changes, a good knowledge of HL in the relevant population group is indispensable. Since recent qualitative studies indicate that health literacy can only be adequately described as a real practice in its specific context and unique situation, I explore in this dissertation how HL can be captured and described as a contextual, situational social practice, using the example of people of Afghan descent with different research methods. This work incorporates three major research projects, each employing different methods to explore HL among Afghans and provide relevant insights into the concept of HL.
Research on health and health literacy is diverse, so it is important to begin this work by outlining the different understandings of health and health literacy and common strategies for promoting them. Since health is understood from a health promotion perspective as a positive, comprehensive concept in a socio-ecological context, HL is consequently not understood as an individual autonomous skill but as a contextual, social practice. Accordingly, health and HL are also described in context by the groups under consideration, and their possible influence on HL is shown. The use of the term vulnerable is critically examined, and the focus is shifted away from the characteristics of the individual to the influencing circumstances. Based on raw determinants and health outcomes, HL in Afghanistan is rated as low. Given the diverse data on immigrant populations and the different theories explaining their health status, it is shown that immigrant populations face many pressures and need to acquire new HL. Third, building on the course offering: language course, it is argued that those participating in it (including Afghans) need to improve their HL. Building on account of the health literacy of so-called vulnerable groups, which traced the complexity and heterogeneity, it is concluded that HL needs to be understood and explored as a contextual, situational, social practice to adequately describe HL. Therefore, in the three research projects, special emphasis is placed on the respective overall social context, the situation's specifics, the use of language, the actual actions, and the meaning of social others. Furthermore, it is examined what can be learned from the respective methodological approach to HL with regard to HL as a contextual, situational social praxis, as well as how the vulnerability or resource wealth of the target group and the vulnerability- or capability-producing context are revealed. Last, important lessons for HL promotion were derived from all three projects.
The first four contributions are from a quantitative, cross-sectional study in central Afghanistan that examines HL, determinants, outcomes, but also quality of life, and beliefs in two groups of people influential to health, heads of households (N= 524) and female patients and/or caretakers (N=322). Participants were in a two-stage randomization process identified and orally interviewed by trained interviewers of the same sex. The study provides empirical evidence of poor determinants of health and health outcomes, health behaviors that need improvement, and low health literacy. The analysis showed that HL is largely related to schooling opportunities (for women). Surprisingly, despite adverse circumstances, an astonishing number of Afghans exhibit positive health behaviors. A qualitative examination of the items of the HLS-EU-Q16 shows which activities are particularly difficult and, at the same time, particularly prerequisite-rich, which should also be better researched in the future for developing interventions.
The second three contributions stem from the ELMi research project, which ethnographically researched the HL of immigrant youth (including three Afghan refugees) in everyday life and embedded the findings in a review and theoretical considerations. The limitations of reviews for describing HL in vulnerable groups became obvious in these three theoretical contributions. Furthermore, the frequent, mostly implicit theoretical orientation of HL as an individual rational-choice model and three alternative models for the description of HL were presented, a difference-deficit model was introduced, and a plea for applying sociological theories, especially the capability approach, was given. Overall, the ethnographic studies revealed the need for further studies of vulnerable groups from a salutogenic perspective, the conceptualization of HL as family HL, and the interwovenness of analog and digital worlds and respective HL.
The third three contributions are from the SCURA research project, which ethnographically explored the role of health and health literacy in language and integration courses and developed appropriate methods for promoting HL in them. The contribution of integration courses to the promotion of HL was presented in detail, the corridor of possible interventions was explored and described, and concrete suggestions were made as to how the knowledge gained from language didactics can be transferred to health promotion and how language-sensitive health promotion can be used as an effective and sustainable method.
Finally, the key strengths and limitations of the studies were highlighted, and the question of 'vulnerability' was revisited in light of the results found. Furthermore, the five aspects of HL as a contextual, situational, and social practice were re-examined with the help of the results obtained, and other studies, recommendations for the promotion of HL through context, acquisition, and targeted support were presented, and the capability approach was applied to the results.
In many ways, this multi-project, multi-method, multi-perspective approach to HL of so-called vulnerable groups highlighted the need to describe HL as a contextual, situational social practice. Since many new, little-trodden paths were taken in this work, this work can serve as an impetus for many other researchers to critically examine the topic. The work unmistakably revealed how relevant a good understanding and targeted, context-sensitive promotion of HL is.