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Dass bei pädagogischen Entscheidungen die Heterogenität der Lernenden berücksichtigt werden muss,ist keine neue Erkenntnis. Viele unterschiedliche Strategien des Differenzierens werden schon seit Jahrzehnten diskutiert, in der täglichen Praxis umgesetzt und auch empirisch untersucht. Ein Überblick über wichtige Ansätze.
The disfluency effect postulates that intentionally inserted desirable difficulties can have a beneficial effect on learning. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing discussion about the emergence of this effect since studies could not replicate this effect or even found opposite effects. To clarify boundary effects of the disfluency effect and to investigate potential social effects of disfluency operationalized through handwritten material, three studies (N 1 = 97; N 2 = 102; N 3 = 103) were carried out. In all three experiments, instructional texts were manipulated in terms of disfluency (computerized font vs. handwritten font). Learning outcomes and cognitive load were measured in all experiments. Furthermore, metacognitive variables (Experiment 2 and 3) and social presence (Experiment 3) were measured. Results were ambiguous, indicating that element interactivity (complexity or connectedness of information within the learning material) of the learning material is a boundary condition that determines the effects of disfluency. When element interactivity is low, disfluency had a positive effect on learning outcomes and germane processes. When element interactivity increases, disfluency had negative impacts on learning efficiency (Experiment 2 and 3) and extraneous load (Experiment 3). In contrast to common explanations of the disfluency effect, a disfluent font had no metacognitive benefits. Social processes did not influence learning with disfluent material as well.
Mathematics teachers’ motivational and emotional orientations regarding digital tools in mathematics classrooms are key aspects influencing whether and how technology is used to teach mathematics—making the support of those characteristics one central goal for teacher education. In this article we investigated if and how a workshop-based in-service teacher training can foster teachers’ perceived value of digital media in mathematics education, their self-efficacy, and their anxiety towards teaching mathematics with digital tools. In an intervention study with N = 83 in-service teachers with varying teaching experience, we used cluster analysis based on their experience, value, self-efficacy, and anxiety before the intervention to determine three different teacher orientations regarding teaching mathematics with digital tools. Paired sample t-tests with pretest and posttest data revealed that for two of three clusters these beliefs, motivation, and emotions changed in a positive way during the intervention while for the third no change was found. Our study sheds light on the role of motivational and emotional orientations for the implementation of digital tools in mathematics education: it shows that these orientations can be utilized to cluster teachers on this topic and illustrates that these orientations can be successfully fostered—while individual differences may exist in the effect and success of interventions.
This study focuses on learning with the Global Change app, an interactive tool for fostering climate change knowledge. Numerous studies have contributed to the question on what type of instruction is best to achieve learning gains. The findings are mixed. We applied the app in university courses and investigated which instructional setting a discovery learning approach (no supplementary guidance) or an approach that leans more toward direct instruction is more effective (+ supplementary guidance). Thus, we distinguished between conceptual and procedural guidance within our direct instruction approach. Our study was implemented in a digital learning environment with 110 students participating in the study. We applied a 2 × 2 experimental design with different types of guidance as treatment (conceptual and procedural). An online questionnaire was administered in pretest and posttest to measure climate change knowledge as well as different variables. Our results show that the app provided gains in climate change knowledge in a short period of time regardless of treatment. Further, students who received no supplementary guidance acquired more knowledge about climate change than the groups that received supplemental guidance (either conceptual, procedural, or both). Learning gain correlated significantly negatively with cognitive load across the whole sample, but there were no significant differences between groups. This finding might be interpreted in terms of the renowned expertise reversal effect
Over the last few decades, technical as well as cognitive skills and their relation to positionspecific skill requirements have been extensively investigated as ndicators for players’ performance in team sports. To explore the impact of positioning in football on inattentional blindness we employed dynamic tasks that presented an unexpected object and analyzed its noticing rates in three different
experiments. In Experiment 1, amateur and expert football players performed a well-established inattentional blindness task of counting the number of times a basketball was passed between two groups while an unexpected, non-sport specific object was introduced to the situation. Noticing rates were higher for strikers compared to players of other playing positions. The findings support a position-specific advantage regarding inattentional blindness for more offensive players compared to more defensive players. Using the same inattentional blindness task, this finding was investigated in Experiment 2 in more detail, i.e., by differentiating between more playing positions. Results revealed that offensive players (in particular strikers) observed unexpected objects more frequently than defensive players. Experiment 3 used a newly developed football-specific task requiring participants to find solutions in different game situations with an unexpected free-standing player appearing in one of these situations. Defensive players again showed more inattentional blindness than offensive players (in particular offensive mid-fielders), i.e., offensive players perceived the unmarked player
more often. This indicates that players not only differ in the conscious perception of unexpected objects that are irrelevant to the sport as a function of their playing position, but also show differences when the perception of the unexpected relevant object is useful for finding tactical solutions in a given game situation. Our findings provide further insight into the importance of the definition of position-specific skill requirements in team sports.
As a result of the abrupt closures of daycare centers in Germany due to the COVID-19 pandemic, parents’ ability to provide learning opportunities at home became all the more important. Building on the family stress model, the study investigates how parental stress affected changes in parents’ provision of home learning activities (HLA) during the lockdown, compared to before the lockdown. In addition, the study considers parental self-efficacy and perceived social support as protective factors that may play important roles in disrupting the negative effects of stress. Data stems from a nation-wide survey of 7,837 German parents of children ages 1–6 years, which was conducted in Spring 2020 during the first wave of COVID-19 infections and at a time of strict restrictions in Germany. Results revealed that parental stress was negatively related to changes in the provision of HLA. Parental self-efficacy and an intact social support system were protective of parental stress during the lockdown. Additionally, parental self-efficacy and – to a larger extend – perceived social support interacted with parental stress in the relation to changes in the provision of HLA. Specifically, self-efficacy and perceived social support acted as protective factors that buffered the negative influence of stress on parents’ ability to provide educational activities for their children at home. These results have important implications for supporting families with young children during challenging times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the temporary closure of daycare centers.
Conceptual descriptions and measures of information and entropy were established in the twentieth century with the emergence of a science of communication and information. Today these concepts have come to pervade modern science and society, and are increasingly being recommended as topics for science and mathematics education. We introduce a set of playful activities aimed at fostering intuitions about entropy and describe a primary school intervention that was conducted according to this plan. Fourth grade schoolchildren (8–10 years) played a version of Entropy Mastermind with jars and colored marbles, in which a hidden code to be deciphered was generated at random from an urn with a known, visually presented probability distribution of marble colors. Children prepared urns according to specified recipes, drew marbles from the urns, generated codes and guessed codes. Despite not being formally instructed in probability or entropy, children were able to estimate and compare the difficulty of different probability distributions used for generating possible codes.
Sustainability competence is an important goal of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in school. It is therefore anchored in the education plans of almost all school tracks in Germany. However, empirical findings regarding ESD in schools are scarce. The present study thus examined how sustainability competencies of secondary-school students develop within the course of a school year. Based on a proposed framework model of sustainability competencies, we assessed (a) students’ sustainability-related knowledge, (b) their affective-motivational beliefs and attitudes towards sustainability, as well as (c) their self-reported sustainability-related behavioral intentions. Our sample comprised n = 1318 students in 79 classrooms at different secondary school tracks (Grades 5–8) in Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany). Measurements were taken at the beginning and at the end of the school year after the introduction of ESD as a guiding perspective for the new education plan. We observed an increase in students’ sustainability-related knowledge but a decline in their affective-motivational beliefs and attitudes towards sustainability over the course of one school year. Multilevel analyses showed that, at the individual level, prior learning requirements as well as ESD-related characteristics (students’ activities and general knowledge of sustainability) proved to be the strongest predictors of their development. In addition, grade- and track-specific differences were observed. At the classroom level, teachers’ attitudes towards ESD as well as their professional knowledge were found to be significant predictors of students’ development. The higher the commonly shared value of ESD at school and the higher teachers’ self-efficacy towards ESD, the higher was the students’ development of sustainability-related knowledge and self-reported sustainability-related behavioral intentions, respectively. The significance of the findings for ESD in schools is discussed.
If information on single items in the Short Form–12 health survey (SF-12) is missing, the analysis of only complete cases causes a loss of statistical power and, in case of nonrandom missing data (MD), systematic bias. This study aimed at evaluating the concordance of real patient data and data estimated by different MD imputation procedures in the items of the SF-12 assessment. For this ends, MD were examined in a sample of 1,137 orthopedic patients. Additionally, MD were simulated (a) in the subsample of orthopedic patients exhibiting no MD (n = 810; 71%) as well as (b) in a sample of 6,970 respondents representing the German general population (95.8% participants with complete data) using logistic regression modelling. Simulated MD were replaced by mean values as well as regression-, expectation-maximization- (EM-), and multiple imputation estimates. Higher age and lower education were associated with enhanced probabilities of MD. In terms of accuracy in both data sets, the EM-procedure (ICC2,1 = .33-.72) outperformed alternative estimation approaches substantially (e.g., regression imputation: ICC2,1 = .18-.48). The EM-algorithm can be recommended to estimate MD in the items of the SF-12, because it reproduces the actual patient data most accurately.
Systems thinking provides many advantages in solving complex scientific, economic and sociocultural problems in the field of education for sustainable development. Various studies have shown that systems thinking can be promoted in students at all levels of school education. Previous studies have mainly focused on how to directly develop and support systems thinking in students. The present study focused on biology teachers by investigating the extent that their content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) augments systems thinking in students attending biology classes. On the basis of the finding that content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) are an essential aspect of any type of training, we investigated in a teacher training program the effects of varying amounts of CK and PCK to the ability of biology teachers to foster systems thinking in students. Therefore, a quasi-experimental intervention study was implemented in a pre- and posttest control group design. The results revealed that biology teacher training can sufficiently improve systems thinking in biology students and that PCK plays an at least equally important role as CK in promoting systems thinking.
Development and Validation of an Instrument for Measuring Student Sustainability Competencies
(2019)
The importance of education, and ESD in particular, for achieving sustainable development is highlighted in the formulation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Since the Brundtland Report (1987) and the Agenda 21 conference in Rio in 1992, many measures and programs have been launched.
However, no widely accepted and validated assessment instruments are currently available to examine the output levels of ESD on the student side as a means to contribute to monitoring the effects of ESD initiatives. Furthermore, connections to the results of empirical educational
research are often lacking. Indeed, operationalization is necessary in order to evaluate actions of fostering ESD. Taking concepts of empirical educational and other relevant research findings (for example, psychology for sustainability) into account, this study develops a reliable and valid approach to measuring sustainability competencies. In this paper, novel data of a first school assessment is presented. One thousand six hundred and twenty-two students (aged from 9 to 16) participated in the survey. The paper-pencil questionnaire covers general (socio-demographic) as well as cognitive, affective, behavioral, application- and curriculum-orientated aspects of sustainability
competencies. The evidence for the validity and reliability of the instrument indicates that the presented assessment tool constitutes a suitable instrument by which to measure sustainability competencies in secondary schools. The gathered insights show a path towards the operationalization
of sustainability competencies to clarify the needs and achievements of ESD implementation
in schools.
After the end of the first Global Action Programme on Education for Sustainable Development, coinciding with ongoing international evaluation processes, questions about the implementation of the Education for Sustainable Development programs and assessments continue to be raised. The present study examined Education for Sustainable Development implementation at the local (teachers’) level, assessing what teachers think and know about Education for Sustainable Development and how they implement it in secondary school classes in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. By providing novel data from a teacher survey in 2019, this study revealed that Education for Sustainable Development in some aspects still lacks concrete structural implementation in educational contexts. Using a longitudinal approach, we additionally compared data from an earlier representative assessment in 2007 to the data from 2019. In reference to the preceding evaluation report, the present study showed, for example, that teachers’ attitudes towards Sustainable Development Goals were significantly higher in 2019 compared to 2007. This study provides clarification of the needs and achievements of the Education for Sustainable Development implementation process. In sum, our analysis found that from the teachers’ perspective, more abstract policies are not needed, but instead teachers ask for very concrete support that is close to teaching and the schools’ objectives. The results of our study help, in a larger sense, to navigate society towards a more sustainable direction and towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by highlighting the remaining challenges of these broad objectives.
Seit den 1950 er Jahren bis in die Gegenwart argumentieren Wissenschaftler/innen aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen für Interdisziplinarität in der Forschung und Lehre. Für die Forschung wird Interdisziplinarität begründet, indem epistemologische und methodologische Grenzen disziplinärer Zugänge aufgezeigt werden. Zugleich wird Interdisziplinarität als ein Korrektiv für disziplinäre Differenzierungsprozesse bewertet. Auch wissenschaftsexterne Interessensgruppen - von supranationalen politischen Gremien über Bürgerbewegungen bis hin zu Kommunen - treten mit der Forderung an die Wissenschaft heran, komplexe ökologische und soziale Probleme mit einem interdisziplinären Zugang zu bearbeiten.
Was jedoch jeweils unter interdisziplinärer Forschung verstanden wird, variiert beachtlich. Erschwerend für ein einheitliches Begriffsverständnis kommt hinzu, dass zeitgleich unterschiedliche Begriffe für eine disziplinenübergreifende Wissenschaftspraxis entwickelt wurden. So wird Interdisziplinarität als übergeordnete Bezeichnung für unterschiedliche Kooperationsvarianten zwischen Disziplinen verwendet. Oder Interdisziplinarität wird durch Substantivkomposita oder durch adjektivische Ergänzungen differenziert, wodurch unterschiedliche Praxisformen unterscheidbar werden sollen. Schließlich wird Interdisziplinarität als eine spezifische Form disziplinenübergreifender Wissenschaftspraxis verstanden und von anderen Praxisformen wie Multi- und Transdisziplinarität unterschieden.
Interdisziplinarität in der Lehre, zum Beispiel in Form eines integrierten Studium generale, wird als eine Interventionsmöglichkeit bewertet, um den allgemeinbildenden Charakter des Studiums zu erhalten und um Studierende für eine Offenheit für unterschiedliche wissenschaftlichen Methoden - für Nomologische und Hermeneutische - zu gewinnen. Schließlich gilt es auch für die Umsetzung der Ziele der UNESCO Sorge zu tragen, und „Bildung für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung“ an Hochschulen zu implementieren.
Abstract
The following paper presents the structure of a language teaching inspection of the topic of capitalization applied within sentences in the secondary education level, which comprises both a quantitative and a qualitative research part. The emphasis of this paper, in respect to its content, does not lie in the discussion of each and every result, but concentrates on the question of how the quantitative and qualitative results can be correlated to each other, and on what types of complementary information can be deducted from it from a language teaching point of view.
Professional knowledge is highlighted as an important prerequisite of both medical doctors and teachers. Based on recent conceptions of professional knowledge in these fields, knowledge can be differentiated within several aspects. However, these knowledge aspects are currently conceptualized differently across different domains and projects. Thus, this paper describes recent frameworks for professional knowledge in medical and educational sciences, which are then integrated into an interdisciplinary two-dimensional model of professional knowledge that can help to align terminology in both domains and compare research results. The models’ two dimensions differentiate between cognitive types of knowledge and content-related knowledge facets and introduces a terminology for all emerging knowledge aspects. The models’ applicability for medical and educational sciences is demonstrated in the context of diagnosis by describing prototypical diagnostic settings for medical doctors as well as for teachers, which illustrate how the framework can be applied and operationalized in these areas. Subsequently, the role of the different knowledge aspects for acting and the possibility of transfer between different content areas are discussed. In conclusion, a possible extension of the model along a “third dimension” that focuses on the effects of growing expertise on professional knowledge over time is proposed and issues for further research are outlined.
Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a core element of UNESCO’s Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) Target 4.7, which seeks to ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development through education for sustainable development. The German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) followed suit in 2015 and launched a high scale national monitoring of the current state of ESD implementation. In this context, suitable ESD indicators should be analyzed to inform policy and research agendas. The present project is part of the national monitoring within Germany’s Global Action Program (GAP) actions. The research team at the University of Education in Freiburg conducted a study to evaluate the accessibility of data and the measurability of ESD-relevant teacher training (TT). During the two-step procedure for data collection on ESD-relevant TTs in Germany, an extensive list of ESD related search terms first captured 66,935 TTs with possible ESD relevance in the evaluation period. Second, the collected data was analyzed using Mayring’s qualitative content analysis. The 66,935 TTs were thereby reduced to 3818 TTs with different degrees of ESD relevance. The results of the evaluation study show that suitable ESD indicators, the FESD (formula for the ESD-indicator for TTs) (basic), FESD (basic, rated) and FESD (pro), could be developed and calculated for 15 of 16 federal states in Germany. The gathered insights show a path towards ESD monitoring in TT to clarify the needs and achievements of ESD implementation in the field of continuing education of teachers. However, the presented indicators only show a possible path for ESD indicator development. A comprehensive set of ESD indicators should also focus on the micro or output (e.g., ESD competencies) level. These insights for the future seem worth striving for not only in Germany or on the national level but also internationally to foster ESD, Target 4.7 of the SDGs and the SDGs in general.
Fachübersetzen als Zusatzstudiengang an der Germanistik- Abteilung der Universität Dakar / Senegal
(2014)
Das Studienangebot an der Germanistik- Abteilung der Universität Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar im westafrikanischen Senegal, das noch eine literarisch- landeskundliche Orientierung aufweist, ist aus heutiger Sicht problematisch, vor allen unter Berücksichtigung des Studiensystems, das sich aus dem Bachelor, dem Master, dem Doktorat und somit dem Employability zusammensetzt. Dies ist eine Herausforderung, die die Einrichtung eines Zusatzstudienganges etwa mit Schwerpunkt Übersetzen/ Dolmetschen als erforderlich erscheinen lässt. Diesem Ansatz liegt das Folgende zugrunde:
• Neuere Wünsche von Germanistik- Studierenden, die sich nun kaum am Lehramt als Hauptberuf interessieren
• Zahlreiche Plädoyer zur curricularen Umstrukturierung an der Germanistik-Abteilung
• Förderung von entwicklungsorientierten Studiengängen im Rahmen der Westafrikanischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion (UEMOA).
Данная публикация представляет собой репринт автореферата диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук. Автореферат был опубликован впервые на русском языке в 2004 г. в г. Иркутск / Российская Федерация: Фёдорова Н.В. Моделирование темпорально-таксисной структуры художествен¬ного дискурса (на примере немецкого языка). Автореферат диссертации на соиска¬ние степени кандидата филоло¬гических наук. Иркутск, 2004. Кроме репринта на русском языке публикуется перевод текста автореферата на немецком языке. Перевод был выполнен Натальей Хан (урожд. Фёдорова), т.е. самим автором автореферата и диссертации. Перевод текста соответствует тексту оригинала. В рамках междисциплинарного подхода в диссертации рассматривается функционирование темпоральных категорий в художественном дискурсе и разрабатывается алгоритм моделирования темпорально-таксисной структуры художественно дискурса.
Die Integration der Kinder mit Behinderungen verläuft in der Slowakei parallel mit der Aussonderung von Kindern, die aus sozialbenachteiligten Umfeldern kommen. Die Aussonderung betrifft überwiegend die Romakinder, die bei der Einschulung in die Grundschule oft Defizite in der Kommunikation aber auch im Verhalten haben. Fehldiagnostik und sinkende Schülerzahlen sind die Ursache, dass diese oft intelligenten Kinder in den Sonderschulen eingeschult werden. Die Polarisierung der Integration und der Aussonderung führen in der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Diskussion zu einer Diskrepanz bei der Wahrnehmung des Begriffes Heterogenität. Trotz dieser Disparität hat die Slowakei im Prozess der schulischen Integration Fortschritte zu verzeichnen. Die innere Differenzierung im Unterricht und das kooperative Unterrichten sind die Formen, die den integrativen Unterricht ermöglichen zu realisieren. Fehlende Finanzmittel im slowakischen Bildungswesen führen aber auch hier zu Lücken, an denen die Qualität der Integration leidet.
Chronik der Ereignisse
(1987)
Die Aufbaujahre (1962-1967)
(1987)
Neue Strukturen (1974-1978)
(1987)
Der Aufsatz beschreibt ein Forschungsprojekt das im Jahre 1986 an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Freiburg gestartet wurde und sich damit befasst die Studiensituation an der PH Freiburg zu beschreiben und gleichzeitig die Entwicklung der hochschuldidaktischen Perspektiven zu analysieren unter Berücksichtigung der Untersuchungsergebnisse- und erfahrungen.